[75], Sourced from: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. The Fallen of World War II is an interactive documentary that examines the human cost of the second World War and the decline in battle deaths in the years since the war. A version of this story appeared in Science, Vol 373, Issue 6557. [53] The classification of the ethnic groups in Poland during the Second Polish Republic is a disputed topic, Tadeusz Piotrowski called the 1931 Polish census "unreliable", noting that it had underestimated the number of non-Poles[54] The official figures for nationality from the 1931 Polish census based on the mother tongue put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 68.9%, Jews 8.6% and other minority groups 22.5%., Tadeusz Piotrowski maintains that the adjusted census figures(taking religious affiliation into account) put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 64.7%, Jews 9.8% and other minority groups 25.5% of Poland's population. The Polish strategy was to try to preserve the bulk of its army for this future planned offensive, while defending the country. About 1 million persons were on Volksliste groups 1 and 2 that included Polish citizens of German descent; Volksliste groups 3 and 4 included 1.7 Polish citizens that were subject to future Germanisation. MLA Citation: Similar Countries Ranked by Death Rate. [11] Polish researchers estimate that 1,860,000 Polish Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps, the remainder perished inside the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland, aboard Holocaust trains, and in mass shooting actions. Tens of thousands of ethnic Germans were killed during the Nazi evacuation from Poland in 1944 and 1945, and as a result of repression NKVD and Red Army or died in post war internment camps. 92, 105, 118, and 325, Gross Pages 92-93(Gross cites Polish sources that show pre-war the average per capita grain consumption in Poland of 246.4 kg. However, as history showed, the same could not be said of the French and the British who could have easily stormed through Germany's poorly defended western borders while the bulk of the German army was busy fighting in Poland. War, perhaps more than any other human endeavor, brings with it historical memories and comparisons. However, Czesaw uczak put the number of Poles deported to Germany at 2,826,500 [30] Although Germany also used forced laborers from all over Europe, Slavs (and especially Poles and Russians) who were viewed as racially inferior, were subjected to intensified discriminatory measures. [5] Contemporary Russian sources include Poland's losses in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union with Soviet war dead. During World War II, Irena Szydowska was a courier for the Polish Home Army, an . World War 2 was the bloodiest conflict in human history. The French and the British had an almost 5 - 1 manpower advantage, overwhelming air, land and sea superiority and could have been in Berlin in three days time if they attacked, but they chose not to. War, perhaps more than any other human endeavor, brings with it historical memories and comparisons. Omissions? Approximately three million Polish Jews were victims of the Holocaust. World War II is considered the deadliest arm conflict in human history. German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west the morning after the Gleiwitz incident. The figure of 95-97,000 killed in the 1939 campaign includes 17-19,000 in Soviet hands as POW. Western technological advances had turned upon itself, bringing about the most destructive war in human . [57], In April 1947 the Polish government Bureau of War Damages (BOW) published an analysis of Poland's war losses. 1. [84], Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. According to Ministry of Finance figures losses were 5,085,000 persons (1,706,700 Poles and 3,378,000) Jews[67], According to Assessments and Estimates: an Outline by Mateusz Gniazdowski:[66] "This discrepancy was explained by demographers who maintained that that the (BOW) included the "missing" category in the total population loss figure, based on the statistics of the end of 1945, while many people believed to have been dead either returned to the country, or remained abroad as emigres. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. The carnage of World War II was unprecedented and brought the world closest to the term "total warfare.". Civilian deaths from land battles, aerial bombardment, political and racial executions, war-induced disease and famine, and the sinking of ships probably exceeded battle casualties. Nazi war criminals became high ranking commanders in NATO after WW2. How Many Countries Are Recognized By The United States. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami" (Poland 1939-1945. The war left at least 70 million people dead or 3% of the worlds population at the time. [82], B. [56] Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. Everybody was operating under the cloud of having previously not supported their allies with the resolution demanded by them. Corrections? If Germany attacked France, Poland would attack Germany within 2 days (immediately, if there were any prior indications of the impeding German action in France, Poland would m. "Dispropaganda" - An independent and politically unbiased website which strives to tell historical, political and contemporary, unfashionable, hidden truths through the use of satire and humor. The civilians who died away from their home country are numbered among the civilian casualties of the host nation. Polska 19391945. This is an inherent but extremely explosive aspect of Americas worldwide military commitments. Few have ventured even to try to calculate the total number of persons who were wounded or permanently disabled. In all, the scale of human losses during World War II was vast. The invasion of Poland is seen as one of the most significant events of World War 2. Poland had been the victim of many invasions over the years. Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. The Poles had great initial success by decimating two German divisions and taking 3500 German prisoners. [61] For most other nations, only estimates of varying reliability exist. Depending on the definitions placed on deaths or casualties that resulted from warfare or crimes against humanity by historians, the figures will vary across resources. Many others were victims of the 1939-1941 Soviet occupation of eastern Poland and of deportations to Central Asia and Siberia. Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski- London 1941, Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, "Between Nazis and Soviets: occupation politics in Poland, 1939-1947", Lexington Books, 2004, pgs. C. Total deaths of 6,028,000 includes about 3,000,000 Jews. The original and supplementary records have since been transferred to the Modern Military Branch, National Archives and Records Administration located at: 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. [31] Despite this food deficit the German occupiers confiscated 27% of the agricultural output in the General Government, thus reducing the food available for the civilian population. 2000 2050. This was later corroborated by a top German General, Alfred Jodl, who served as the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (and the man speaking to Hitler in the picture), who stated at the Nuremberg trials that: Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 (This article is available in Polish libraries and at the Stanford Univ. [27][28] Many mass executions took place outside prisons and camps such as the Mass murders in Pianica. Today, the myth and propaganda of Poland rolling over in the face of Germanys invasion still persists, despite being just plain false, while Great Britain and France are remembered for having declared war. Warsaw 1947, Poland. 621, Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi woyskiej do akcji "Wisa". [47], According to the figures published by the Polish government in exile in 1941 there were about 7.0 million Polish citizens from ethnic minorities at the beginning of the war in September 1939, mostly Ukrainians, Belarusians, Polishchuks and Lithuanians living in the eastern regions of Poland annexed by the USSR. By 1940, between 20 and 25% of the population within the Government General depended on outside relief aid. Current estimates now show that the number of war dead within the postwar borders total 26.6 million individuals. [36] During the occupation the natural death rate in the General Government increased to 1.7% per annum compared to the prewar level of 1.4%[37], Part of the Generalplan Ost involved taking children from Poland and moving them to Nazi Germany for the purpose of Germanization, or indoctrination into becoming culturally German. Population not ethnic Polish includes 2,916,000 Jews. During the occupation, communities were held collectively responsible for Polish attacks against German troops and mass executions were conducted in reprisal. The whole strategy of Poland in 1939 was based on the fact that the UK and France, which had signed defensive military alliances with Poland prior WW2, were supposed to attack Germany two weeks into the war at the latest. Thousands died in the Luftwaffe bombing of Warsaw as Hitler's forces invaded Estimates vary, but more than five million Polish citizens were killed during the war, perhaps as much as 17% of the. . Civilians captured by German police for forced labor (Poland 1941), Germanization of Polish children in Nazi-German labor camp in, Polish casualties in English language sources, Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. [71] Proch published Poland's Way of the Cross in 1987 in which he estimated Poland's war dead. [13] Over a million Jews deported from Western countries to camps and ghettos set up in occupied Poland perished in the Holocaust. [17], D. Population Losses 1939 Campaign- Bajer estimated that 69% of the 1,230,000 human losses in Sept. 1939 were Poles. There was little organized resistance, and by noon the whole of Denmark was occupied. Second world war, world war two, the great patriotic war. WW2 German Death Card Sterbebild Poland 3rd Sept 1939 Krakow Band Tunic . Whatever there was to do, in philosophical speculation, political action or cultural achievement, appeared to have been done, and done with a supreme vigour and accomplishment, among a people whose history not only had the clarity of distance in time but the wholeness of a completed cycle, from obscurity through world empire to barbarian chaos.. Additionally, at least one million Jews were murdered in the. WW2 German Death Card Sterbebild Panzer Black Wrap Uniform Beret 1941 (Krakau) $37.84 + $13.18 shipping . In 1987 the Polish Academy of Science journal Studia Demograficzne published an article by Kazimierz Piesowicz that analyzed the demographic balance from Poland from 1939-1950. Population of 35.339 million includes about 240,000 in Polish annexed Zaolzie area around esk Tn. [52] In 1951 the Polish government made a reassessment of war losses that put actual losses at 5.1 million ethnic Poles and Jews; this study was to remain secret until the communist government collapsed. Norman Davies. Polish citizens were taken to Germany as forced laborers under inhuman conditions, which resulted in many deaths. 1950 2000 2050 2100 Current Historical U.N. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994, Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation, This page was last edited on 4 December 2022, at 17:51. Ryszard Kaczmarek, Polacy w Wehrmachcie, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakw 2010, p.412, Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995. Czesaw uczak also authored an article in the Polish academic journal Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik, titled Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 19391945 (Possibilities and Difficulties of the Demographic Balance in Poland 1939-1945), pages 914: Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. The Polish strategy was to try to preserve the bulk of its army for this future planned offensive, while defending the country. In many battles Poles held their ground against overwhelming German numbers, the most famous of these was the Battle of Wizna, where a single Polish infantry battalion with some 600 soldiers held out for four days against a whole German army consisting of 42,000 soldiers, almost 400 tanks and hundreds more of artillery and armored vehicles. The United States, in effect, would guarantee a future peace settlement. Despite a number of cultural similarities, such as being prominent old medieval European kingdoms, belonging to Western civilization and sharing a common Roman Catholic religion, relations between France and Poland have only become relevant since the Renaissance era. Some of the estimated numbers of deaths and wounded are unreliable and have been contested several times. If the U.S. treated other NATO members the way it treats Hungary, its influence in Europe would decline. Clio, poor girl, is these days no longer sure of her pronouns but would still like to say, with Cassandra: You are in great danger, sir. What were the turning points of World War II? Of these various historical parallels, the two which should most hold our attention are the American postures in 1916-1917 and 1940-1941. The terms of the treaty were harsh and punitive towards Germany, and many Germans . Projections 8.000 9.000 10.000 11.000 12.000 13.000 Deaths per 1000 People. [41], According to Franciszek Proch the total of those deported was 1,800,000 of whom 1,050,000 perished. "No Simple Victory"." Polish researchers of the Institute of National Remembrance have estimate about roughly 800,000 ethnic Polish victims during the German occupation including 400,000 in prisons, 148,000 killed in executions and 240,000 deaths among those deported to concentration camps,[25] including 70-75,000[26] at Auschwitz. Source: Wiki. per capita, the Government General region produced only 202.7 kg. A summary of the main points in uczak's article are as follows. France, Battle of In the early dawn hours of April 9, German troops crossed the Danish border, and German warships sailed into Copenhagen 's harbour. The U.S. Medal of Honor was first created during the U.S. Civil War and is the highest military award or decoration presented by the. According to research published in 2009 by the Institute of National Remembrance about 1.0 million Polish citizens from all ethnic groups were arrested, conscripted or deported by the Soviet occupiers from 1939 to 1941; including about 200,000 Polish military personnel held as prisoners of war; 100,000 Polish citizens were arrested and imprisoned by the Soviets, including civic officials, military personnel and other "enemies of the people" like the clergy and Polish educators; 475,000 Poles who were considered "enemies of the people" were deported to remote regions of the USSR; 76,000 Polish citizens were conscripted into the Soviet Armed forces and 200,000 were conscripted as forced laborers in the interior of the Soviet Union. Their figure of 6,028,000 Polish war dead has been cited in historical literature since then. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland and started WW2. According to research by the Institute of National Remembrance between 1939 and 1945, 1,897,000 [29] It was not until 1950 that the war or war related population migrations were over, in demographic terms. 42 of the medals were awarded for action during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (15) and 27 during the Battle of Iwo Jima. Poland was the first European country to suffer casualties in World War Two. Czesaw uczak was a Polish historian, and Rector of the Adam Mickiewicz University from 1965 to 1972, from 1969 to 1981 and from 1987 to 1991; director the University's Institute of History. The whole strategy of Poland in 1939 was based on the fact that the UK and France, which had signed defensive military alliances with Poland prior WW2, were supposed to attack Germany two weeks into the war at the latest. uczak estimated total losses at 6.0-5.9 million Polish citizens, not less than the report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages. Although Japan was heavily involved in World War II, it is estimated that only 2.5-3.1 million Japanese were killed in the war, representing only 3.5% of its pre-war population. Similar pressures will operate on the makers of American foreign policy. The 7TP was the most modern Polish tank at the time of the outbreak of WW2. Become a Member today for a growing stake in the conservative movement. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Civilian deaths from land battles, aerial bombardment, political and racial executions, war-induced disease and famine, and the sinking of ships probably exceeded battle casualties. A war in the Pacific, for instance, would immediately bring into sharp focus the need to hit Chinese bases before China hit American bases and carriers. Despite the western betrayal, If Russia had not invaded Poland in 17 September, 1939, Poland would have dragged the fighting for many more weeks. [78] Bajer's figures were used by Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) to estimate the war dead of the ethnic Polish population. People like to say that there were five different causes of World war 1. The figures are uczak's estimates. The German invasion of Poland was a primer on how Hitler intended to wage war-what would become . The Institute of National Remembrance cited a source published in the People's Republic of Poland in 1960 that put the number of children kidnapped in Poland at 200,000 of whom only 30,000 were eventually returned to Poland, the others remained in post war Germany. [39], E. Population Not Capable of Resistance(100% ages 114; 50% ages 1519; 30% women 20-39; 100% over 70 years and 632,000 disabled) [81], Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziau Polakw w walce o niepodlego na obszarze pastwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia onierzy Armii Krajowej", (Krakw) 1996 Page 14, A. Bajer uses the 1947 Bureau of War Damages figures as the base to compute his estimate of ethnic Polish war dead. Prior to the war the area which became the General Government was not self sufficient in agricultural production and was a net importer of food from other regions of Poland. Soviet Union . If we did not collapse already in the year 1939 that was due only to the fact that during the Polish campaign, the approximately 110 French and British divisions in the West were held completely inactive against the 23 German divisions. Polska 19391945. [35] During the war there was an increase in infectious diseases caused by the general malnutrition among the Polish population. [17], B. [2][3] In 2009 the Polish government-affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) published the study "Polska 19391945. After youve shown that your word is not your bond, you face strong pressure to show that it is. It is estimated that the war resulted in 15-20 million civilian and military death and an additional 15 million Chinese were wounded. per capita), Stephane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard Univ Pr, 1999, Paul Robert Magocsi. Page 30 Header on table 10 reads. The number of Germans who died in World War II is not clear. This figure includes forced labor in Germany as well as in the USSR. Stalin was also waiting to see whether Britain and France would eventually attack Germany. The last thing Hitler wanted was to find himself fighting a war on two fronts. (1996). In its fog, discerning its significance and direction is intrinsically difficult. Polska 19391945. The causes of World War 2 were complex and varied, but there are five main factors that contributed to its outbreak: Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles was the peace settlement that ended World War 1 and was imposed on Germany by the Allied powers. 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