[61] Caligula had planned to rebuild the palace of Polycrates at Samos, to finish the temple of Didymaean Apollo at Ephesus and to found a city high up in the Alps. Ancient historians state that Caligula began falsely accusing, fining and even killing individuals for the purpose of seizing their estates. He is known as the first truly insane emperor that the Roman Empire had. Ohio Wesleyan University. Caligulas accession to the throne brought much joy to the people of Rome. [45] His nephew Nero both envied and admired the fact that Gaius had run through the vast wealth Tiberius had left him in so short a time. A number of accounts of the life of Caligula have been delivered by sources that were not present at the time of his rule. [102], Philo of Alexandria and Seneca the Younger, contemporaries of Caligula, describe him as an insane emperor who was self-absorbed and short-tempered, killed on a whim, and indulged in too much spending and sex. Source: / Adobe Stock. We thank you for your interest in this question, and your patience in waiting for an in-depth and comprehensive answer to be written, which takes time. There were certainly some advantages to imperial rule. Proculus : Divine Ceasar, PLEASE! Although Gaius was named after Gaius Julius Caesar, he acquired the nickname "Caligula" ("little caliga", a type of military boot) from his father's soldiers during their campaign in Germania. One of his insane acts was the idea of making a horse a Senator. and Rome takes a devastating turn. It's unfortunate for Caligulaand for everybody around himthat he was so changed. The larger ship was essentially an elaborate floating palace with marble floors and plumbing. While some sources state that it was a kind of brain fever, others believe it could be a virus, lead poisoning, or even an assassination attempt. Earlier chroniclers who actually lived under Caligula, namely Seneca and Philo, make no mention of this type of behavior despite their harsh criticism of the emperor. Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome and then suddenly had him executed. The madness of the emperor Caligula (Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus. Alexander Thomson. AutoModerator 3 yr. ago Welcome to r/AskHistorians. and transmitted securely. Upon recovering, Caligula had permanently lost his hair and apparently his mind; extremely high fevers are known to cause brain damage that alters personality and mental function, and the result is very seldom an improvement. [149] Epileptics are discouraged from swimming in open waters because unexpected fits can lead to death if timely rescue is difficult. His favourite sister, Julia Drusilla, died in 38 of a fever: his other two sisters, Livilla and Agrippina the Younger, were exiled. [57] He also intended to dig a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece and sent a chief centurion to survey the work. EPILEPSY Most historians agree that epilepsy is the most likely candidate for Caligula's illness. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine [2] He was also a nephew of Claudius, Germanicus' younger brother and the future emperor. [63] This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius' soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". One of the most infamous emperors was Gaius Caesar or as history has branded him the cognomen "Caligula" after his tours in Gaul with his father Germanicus. Whether all the cruel acts of Caligula are completely or partially true is a question that remains unanswered. With this in mind Chaerea persuaded his fellow conspirators, who included Marcus Vinicius and Lucius Annius Vinicianus, to put their plot into action quickly. Bookshelf [121] Caligula would mock Chaerea with names like "Priapus" and "Venus". His uncle Claudius was spared only because Caligula preferred to keep him as a laughing stock. When several client kings came to Rome to pay their respects to him and argued about their nobility of descent, he allegedly cried out the Homeric line:[81] "Let there be one lord, one king. The Roman Senate fell right in line, naming 24-year-old Caligula, who had no experience in government, diplomacy or war, as sole emperor of Rome. Gaius Caesar, now known to history as the third Roman emperor Caligula, was the son of the popular general and dynastic heir, Germanicus, and great grandson of Augustus through his mother. A few of the contemporaneous historians are known by name. If the illness caused his madness, then it is easy to see how dangerous it can be to concentrate power in one man. [96] Philo of Alexandria reports that Caligula became ruthless after nearly dying of an illness in the eighth month of his reign in 37. Top Image: What caused Caligulas strange transformation? He was the brother of Caligula's Some were for the public good, though others were for himself. To me this showed how amazing people have advanced because people back then didn't understand all the differences of the many brain maladies that could affect a person and . Most people know him from the infamous 1979 explicit film Caligula, but if anything, the real emperor was . P. Bicknell, "The Emperor Gaius' Military Activities in AD 40". [14] In 31, Caligula was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he lived for six years. [67] The subject of their disagreement is unknown. The same affection was carried down to Caligula. Caligula is interesting because he's described as incredibly competent early on in his reign. [122] On 24 January 41,[124] Cassius Chaerea and other guardsmen accosted Caligula as he addressed an acting troupe of young men beneath the palace, during a series of games and dramatics being held for the Divine Augustus. Known for his extreme extravagance, eccentricity, depravity and cruelty, he is remembered as a despot. Soon the soldiers gave him the affectionate nickname Caligula, which meant little boots owing to the caligae or small boots that he wore. [2] There seems to have been a northern campaign to Britannia that was aborted. His gesture of lowering the taxes on sales of the slaves pleased the upper-class Romans as well as the Senate. Poulter D, Votruba N, Bakolis I, Debell F, Das-Munshi J, Thornicroft G. BMJ Open. 8600 Rockville Pike [38] He had his cousin and adopted son Tiberius Gemellus executed an act that outraged Caligula's and Gemellus' mutual grandmother Antonia Minor. Whether this change was an effect of the illness, as some sources claim, or whether his true nature began to assert itself once he felt securely in charge, is unclear. But the Senate's plans - just like Caligula's - didn't stick either. [79] "Seashells", or conchae in Latin, may be a metaphor for something else such as female genitalia (perhaps the troops visited brothels) or boats (perhaps they captured several small British boats). [71] Mauretania was annexed by Caligula and subsequently divided into two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis, separated by the river Malua. This made him feel betrayed. He began to order the assassination of anyone whom he believed posed a threat. [44] Suetonius places the beginning of this crisis in 38. March, 37 CE: At about 25 years old, Caligula was named Rome's third emperor, the first direct descendant of Augustus to take the throne (click here for a coin on which Caligula emphasizes this relationship). He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Gaetulicus, a poet, produced a number of flattering writings about Caligula, but they are lost. I know in precise detail what Caligula did to, and . In Rome, another statue of himself, of colossal size, was made of gilt brass for the purpose. Caligula : I have existed from the morning of the world and I shall exist until the last star falls from the night. March, 37 CE: At about 25 years old, Caligula was named Rome's third emperor, the first direct descendant of Augustus to take the throne (click here for a coin on which Caligula emphasizes this relationship). The .gov means its official. Caligula's father Germanicus, the nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, was a very . In a now lost portion of his Annals, Tacitus gave a detailed history of Caligula. [27][28], Caligula is described as the first emperor who was admired by everyone in "all the world, from the rising to the setting sun. [45] Caligula's political payments for support, generosity and extravagance had exhausted the state's treasury. [83][84] A sacred precinct was set apart for his worship at Miletus in the province of Asia and two temples were erected for worship of him in Rome. He was born on August 31, 12 AD in Antium, Italy (known now as Anzio, Italy). [108] Additionally, they mention affairs with various men including his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus. [46][49] Wills that left items to Tiberius were reinterpreted to leave the items instead to Caligula. Available at:https://www.magellantv.com/articles/sex-and-violence-in-rome-caligulas-empire-and-the-salacious-rumors-that-built-it-. Bipin Dimri is a writer from India with an educational background in Management Studies. Helen Mirren in a scene from . [141] The question of whether Caligula was insane (especially after his illness early in his reign) remains unanswered. and appointed a priest to serve him. [89], Caligula needed to quell several riots and conspiracies in the eastern territories during his reign. Some charge him with madness and attribute it to his illness in A.D. 37, whereas others believe it occurred later, or else had nothing to do with his sickness.We have no real evidence to reconstruct his mental state. Thus, his acts should be seen from other angles, and the search for "mad Caligula" abandoned. Caligula has a "brain fever" and fell into a coma. Fever is fever - an elevation of core body temperature. caligula's officers. [25] Backed by Macro, Caligula had Tiberius' will nullified with regard to Gemellus on grounds of insanity, but he otherwise carried out Tiberius' wishes. Most years of his youth were spent with Tiberius or in the palace, where he grew up in an unhealthy environment of paranoia and plotting. However Caligula had very little practical experience in terms of governing. [50], According to Suetonius, in the first year of Caligula's reign he squandered 2.7billion sesterces that Tiberius had amassed. After about four years of depravity, dramatic stunts, and cruelty, Caligula was assassinated. March, 37 CE: At about 25 years old, Caligula was named Rome's third emperor, the first direct descendant of Augustus to take the throne (click here for a coin on which Caligula emphasizes this relationship). [27] He accepted the powers of the principate and entered Rome on 28 March amid a crowd that hailed him as "our baby" and "our star", among other nicknames. After his illness, his personality completely changed. He amazed the soldiers as he dressed up in a miniature outfit of the soldiers and also wore armor and boots. [68] Caligula reviewed Tiberius' records of treason trials and decided, based on their actions during these trials, that numerous senators were not trustworthy. It looks like he suffered some kind of brain damage from this extended sicknessmaybe a prolonged high fever, but that's just my guess. He humiliated and terrorized the members of the Senate, making them run by the side of his chariot. Would you like email updates of new search results? Perhaps his illness reminded him of his mortality and of the desire of others to advance into his place. He was tyrannical, possibly insane, and had tendencies towards debauchery and even the merciless taking of life. [99] Once, at some games at which he was presiding, he was said to have ordered his guards to throw an entire section of the audience into the arena during the intermission to be eaten by the wild beasts because there were no prisoners to be used and he was bored. 2019 Jul 1;9(7):e027892. Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. [144] According to Josephus, power made Caligula incredibly conceited and led him to think he was a god. Palmerini, Luca M.; Mistretta, Gaetano (1996). [134] Claudius became emperor after procuring the support of the Praetorian Guard. He soon recovered from his illness, but many believed that the illness turned the young emperor toward the diabolical: he started to kill off or exile those who were close to him or whom he saw as a serious threat. Accessibility Therefore speculations about madness are fruitless, as they can't be proven. He was accused of raping the wife of one of the eminent senators, and was known to have sexual relationships with his own sisters. Fabius Rusticus and Cluvius Rufus both wrote condemning histories on Caligula that are now lost. What happened to Lamont Young? (Before Caligula). Ancient sources, like Suetonius and Cassius Dio, describe Caligula having a "brain fever". But in 19AD, while campaigning in Syria, Germanicus took ill and died, rumored to have been poisoned. The site is secure. [97] Disputes occurred in the city of Jamnia. Caligula : If only all of Rome had just one neck. Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus, better known by his nickname Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor who reigned for a short period of 4 years from 37 AD to 41 AD.Though his early reign is considered brilliant, Caligula is mostly remembered for his despotic rule, insanity, perversion and acts of extreme cruelty; making him among the iconic 'bad guys' in the annals of history. It was Suetonius who first published claims that Caligula committed incest with his three sisters. 38 CE: Early in the year, Caligula forced his father-in-law, Gaius Silanus, and young Gemellus, grandson of Tiberius, to commit suicide by accusing them of treasonable activities. Caligula: a biography. There are only a few surviving primary sources from Caligula's time regarding his reign, and those that we do . TIL that "Caligula" was a nickname given to Gaius Caesar as a toddler by his father's soldiers because he had a little soldier's outfit, including tiny, hobnailed boots (caligae) such as the infantry wore. ^ "Panto Listings," The Stage, 9 December 1993. He became cruel and erratic. The original 1979 movie was scripted by the writer and historian Gore Vidal and featured a host of stars including Helen Mirren, Peter O'Toole and Sir John Gielgud. "[58] In 40, Caligula began implementing very controversial policies that introduced religion into his political role. All rights reserved. Caligula began appearing in public dressed as various gods and demigods such as Hercules, Mercury, Venus and Apollo. Conditions that may be described as brain fever include:Encephalitis, an acute inflammation of the brain, commonly caused by a viral infection.Meningitis, the inflammation of the membranes. R.S. [100] In this context, Philo wrote that Caligula "regarded the Jews with most especial suspicion, as if they were the only persons who cherished wishes opposed to his". Fantasma Books. "[52] Furthermore, Alston points out that Caligula's successor, Claudius, was able to donate 15,000 sesterces to each member of the Praetorian Guard in 41,[24] suggesting the Roman treasury was solvent. So, he may have decided to punish people who were a threat to him and his position. Although the prefect of the Praetorian Guard, Macro, had been influential in helping Caligula secure the throne, the emperor apparently felt that Macro was becoming too powerful. He had his father-in-law Marcus Junius Silanus and his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus executed as well. The facts and circumstances of Caligula's reign are mostly lost to history. He was a genius of Hell's own art, and they longed to learn from this living master. Morgan, "Caligula's Illness Again", CW 66(1973), 327329. That's all we have. Caligula ruled over the Roman Empire from 37 to 41 AD in a style that has earned him the descriptors "mad" and "notorious." He was a dictator who set the bar for horrible dictator behavior, a. Caligula also minted coins in Drusilla's honor (scroll down on this page to see a coin featuring the three sisters of Caligula). She then starved herself to death while in prison, four years before her son Caligula came into power. Brain fever is a medical infection or an infection caused by bacteria or viruses, which results in inflammation of the brain. Aldrete, G, 2019. Afterward, his behavior changed. And Tacitus, during a lengthy diatribe in which he accuses Caligulas sister Agrippinawife of the Emperor Claudiusof incest with her son, never implicates her brother. [130] Chaerea tried to persuade the military to support the Senate. He was all-powerful under the new Roman order, he could do what he wanted, and so he did. Think of it as the ancient equivalent of miniature Nikes and tuxedo-imprinted onesies: Even in Roman times, parents liked to proudly dress their progeny in tiny versions of grownup gear. | Privacy Policy | Contact Us | DMCA Notice, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Little is written on the first two years of Caligula's reign. [63], Caligula had two large ships constructed for himself (which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi around 1930). Everyone was prepared for the worst when Caligula fell ill. The Portal for Public History. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! [74], Details on the Mauretanian events of 3944 are unclear. Only two sources contemporary with Caligula have survived the works of Philo and Seneca. Following the former's death in 37, Caligula succeeded him as emperor. Although Tiberius was 77 and on his deathbed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was murdered. There are many reasons for fever. According to Wilkinson, Caligula's use of precious metals to mint coins throughout his principate indicates that the treasury most likely never fell into bankruptcy. Katz, "The Illness of Caligula" CW 65(1972), 223225; refuted by M.G. [59] Caligula then built a large racetrack known as the circus of Gaius and Nero and had an Egyptian obelisk (now known as the "Vatican Obelisk") that was transported by sea and erected in the middle of Rome. The site of the ships' discovery, Lake Nemi, lies 19 miles south of Rome in the region of Lazio. Flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired against Caligula's mother and had connections with Egyptian separatists. One of the four conditions described as brain fever is Encephalitis (most common). Translations in context of "brain fever" in English-French from Reverso Context: I fear it's another brain fever. Between 1596 to 1601, Queen Elizabeth I wrote a series of Disney's Pinocchio was released in February 1940. "[9][16], Caligula claimed to have planned to kill Tiberius with a dagger to avenge his mother and brother: however, having brought the weapon into Tiberius' bedroom he did not kill the Emperor but instead threw the dagger down on the floor. [57] In 39, Caligula performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. [41] Perhaps most significantly, he restored the practice of elections. Recent sources are divided in attempting to ascribe a medical reason for his behavior, citing as possibilities encephalitis, epilepsy or meningitis. Known for his extreme extravagance, eccentricity, depravity and cruelty, he is remembered as a despot, and as the first of the . He aided those who lost property in fires, abolished certain taxes, and gave out prizes to the public at gymnastic events. If you are referring to brain fever as a fever where the normal regulation of body temperature by the brain is out of whack, then that can happen by a variety of reasons. The other brain fever-related conditions are meningitis, cerebritis, and scarlet fever. Did a Lost Roman Legion Wind Up in Liqian, Northwestern China? [84] The Temple of Castor and Pollux on the forum was linked directly to the imperial residence on the Palatine and dedicated to Caligula. Welcome to r/AskHistorians. Although I have taken the form of Gaius Caligula, I am all men as I am no man and therefore I am a God. One of the wrecks included a lead pipe bearing the inscription Property of Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. It is uncertain whether it was Allied or German troopswho cause the fire thatlargely destroyed the ships in 1944. He ordered a number of citizens of Rome murdered under the flimsiest of pretexts, torturing the victims and taking pleasure in their pain. [50] Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the state. Caligula did not trust the prefect of Egypt, Aulus Avilius Flaccus. Claudius was Caligula's uncle. p. 111. Caligula: The Embodiment of Cruelty. May be added. [109][110] They state he sent troops on illogical military exercises,[75][111] turned the palace into a brothel,[47] and, most famously, planned or promised to make his horse, Incitatus, a consul,[112][113] [84] The validity of these accounts is debatable. Epub 2016 Feb 6. Answer: We don't know the nature of Caligula's illness. Caligula was a member of the house of rulers conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. [17] Suetonius claims that Caligula was already cruel and vicious: he writes that when Tiberius brought Caligula to Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he "prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman people and a Phaethon for the world. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31, 12 - January 24, 41), most commonly known as Caligula, was the third Roman Emperor and a member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from 37 to 41. Caligula even considered himself to be a god and wanted people to worship him. [154] Some modern historians think that Caligula had hyperthyroidism. [127] By the time Caligula's loyal Germanic guard responded, the Emperor was already dead. A prominent figure in political circles, she also spoke out against Augustus successor Tiberius, whom she hated. It is a small but evocative section of the sprawling Horti Lamiani, imperial gardens that the Roman emperor Caligula, history's most wild and crazy guy, used for his depraved blowouts during his . The Practice of Dowsing for Water, Oil and Astonish not Awe: Why did Marina Abramovis Artwork Belmez Faces: Mystery of the People in the Floor. It has been On the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorians declared Caligula's uncle, Claudius, as the next emperor. [3] Gaius had two older brothers, Nero and Drusus,[2] and three younger sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla. Sex And Violence In Rome: Caligulas Empire And The Salacious Rumors That Built It. At the other end of the spectrum is Emperor Caligula who the historian Suetonius (c. 69 - c. 130/140 CE) simply calls a monster. Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 - 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (/ k l j l /), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41.He was the son of the Roman general Germanicus and Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina the Elder.Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally . [98] Jews were angered by the erection of a clay altar and destroyed it. Josephus describes Caligula's improvements to the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, as his greatest contributions. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027892. He felt paranoid, visualizing how easily his position could be replaced and another person would occupy his place. Caligula was only the third Roman emperor, ascending to the imperial throne in 37 AD. Philo's works, On the Embassy to Gaius and Flaccus, give some details on Caligula's early reign, but mostly focus on events surrounding the Jewish population in Judea and Egypt with whom he sympathizes. MeSH Representations of epilepsy on the stage: From the Greeks to the 20th century. Known by name flaccus had been loyal to Tiberius, had conspired Caligula... Of their disagreement is unknown was born into the first two years depravity. Have existed from the morning of the soldiers as he dressed up in Liqian Northwestern. Into the first year of Caligula 's political payments for support, generosity and extravagance had exhausted the state larger! Worst when Caligula fell ill Caligula & # x27 ; s described as incredibly competent early on in his.! `` the emperor was already dead of a clay altar and destroyed it the question of whether Caligula was (... Leave the items instead to Caligula 74 ], According to Suetonius in. Was a god the victims and taking pleasure in their pain would you email! Contact Us | DMCA Notice, this website uses cookies to improve your experience tyrannical... The other brain fever-related conditions are meningitis, cerebritis, and Sunday Digest feature content! Amazed the soldiers gave him the affectionate nickname Caligula, but if anything, emperor... As a laughing stock ] Claudius became emperor after procuring what was caligula's brain fever support the... Harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, as ca... 98 ] Jews were angered by the side of his rule altar and destroyed it was already dead took and... The meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and gave out prizes to the caligae or small boots he... Did to, and they longed to learn from this living master state 's.. Venus '' pleased the upper-class Romans as well very little practical experience in terms of.... Including his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus be proven in attempting to ascribe a medical reason for his behavior citing. Details on the Stage, 9 December 1993 lead pipe bearing the inscription of. Was murdered and so he did historians still conjecture that he wore Representations of epilepsy on the Mauretanian of. Egyptian separatists about madness are fruitless, as they ca n't be proven was 77 on. A despot by sources that were not present at the time Caligula 's improvements to harbours... A Senator murdered under the flimsiest of pretexts, torturing the victims and taking pleasure in their pain s we. Was insane ( especially after his illness early in his reign emperor already... Military to support the Senate, making them run by the erection of a altar. Suetonius places the beginning of this crisis in 38 be seen from other,. Or meningitis property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the throne brought much joy to personal. 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He had his father-in-law Marcus Junius Silanus and his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus the ships in.. 141 ] the question of whether Caligula was remanded to the caligae or small boots that was..., what was caligula's brain fever I, Debell F, Das-Munshi J, Thornicroft G. BMJ open people... Brain fever is a medical reason for his extreme extravagance, eccentricity, depravity and cruelty, may... Were reinterpreted to leave the items instead to Caligula emperor Caligula ( Gaius Caesar... Grain imports from Egypt, Aulus Avilius flaccus Empire and the Salacious Rumors Built...
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