what is morphological analysis in nlp

It hosts well written, and well explained computer science and engineering articles, quizzes and practice/competitive programming/company interview Questions on subjects database management systems, operating systems, information retrieval, natural language processing, computer networks, data mining, machine learning, and more. The various aspects of a problem are quantifiable and expressed in numbers. Pragmatic Analysis is part of the process of extracting information from text. Even as NLP has made it easier for the users to interact with the complex electronics, on the other side there is a lot of processing happening behind the scenes which makes this interaction possible. NLP stands for Natural Language Processing, which is a part of Computer Science, Human language, and Artificial Intelligence. We can define morphological parsing as the problem of recognizing that a word breaks down into smaller meaningful units called morphemes producing some sort of linguistic structure for it. The field focuses on communication between computers and humans in natural language and NLP is all about making computers understand and generate human language. So, if there is already an entry for the base form of the verb sing, then it should be possible to add rules to map the nouns singer and singers onto the same entry. For example, the word 'foxes' can be decomposed into 'fox' (the stem), and 'es' (a suffix indicating plurality). All rights reserved. Looking forward to more. Natural Language Understanding (NLU) helps the machine to understand and analyse human language by extracting the metadata from content such as concepts, entities, keywords, emotion, relations, and semantic roles. Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and forms a core part of linguistic study today. Named Entity Recognition (NER) is the process of detecting the named entity such as person name, movie name, organization name, or location. In general, however, NLP Engineers are responsible for the development and design of language understanding systems and for the effective use of text representation techniques. Morphological analysis. . Watershed segmentation is another region-based method that has its origins in mathematical morphology [Serra, 1982]. As a school of thought morphology is the creation of astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky. . Introduction to Natural Language Processing. There are the following three ambiguity -. In Case Grammar, case roles can be defined to link certain kinds of verbs and objects. ), their sub-categories (singular noun, plural noun, etc.) In the above sentence, you do not know that who is hungry, either Kiran or Sunita. morphology turkish finite-state-machine morphological-analysis morphological-analyser Updated Oct 28, 2022; Python; Whats The Difference Between Dutch And French Braids? Understanding Natural Language might seem a straightforward process to us as humans. Hence, under Compositional Semantics Analysis, we try to understand how combinations of individual words form the meaning of the text. Specifically, it's the portion that focuses on taking structures set of text and figuring out what the actual meaning was. The smallest unit of meaning in a word is called a morpheme. Simply Superb!, Excellent course. A morpheme is a basic unit of the English . Morphemes can sometimes be words themselves as in the case of free morphemes, which can stand on their own. Students who understand how words are formed using roots and affixes tend to have larger vocabularies and better reading comprehension. The following process steps are necessary to get a useful model: The problem is defined in a short and clear description; what it is, what its not and what it should be. The Natural language processing are designed to perform specific tasks. 3. Some words are composed of multiple morphemes, while others are only one morpheme long. Many language teachers find the concept of morphological analysis useful in assisting pupils to improve their language skills. What are the 2 main areas of NLP? Bound morphemes include familiar grammatical suffixes such as the plural -s or the past tense -ed. It is used to map the given input into useful representation. , A very positive experience, and from this I would like to build. Abstract and Figures. Source: Towards Finite-State Morphology of Kurdish. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Data Structure & Algorithm-Self Paced(C++/JAVA), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, Linear Regression (Python Implementation), Elbow Method for optimal value of k in KMeans, Best Python libraries for Machine Learning, Introduction to Hill Climbing | Artificial Intelligence, ML | Label Encoding of datasets in Python, ML | One Hot Encoding to treat Categorical data parameters. Example: Consider the following paragraph -. It helps developers to organize knowledge for performing tasks such as translation, automatic summarization, Named Entity Recognition (NER), speech recognition, relationship extraction, and topic segmentation. The basic units of semantic systems are explained below: In Meaning Representation, we employ these basic units to represent textual information. Can problem-solving techniques foster change, IT organization success? Lexical analysis is a vocabulary that includes its words and expressions. Any suggestions for online tools or activities that help? Recognized as Institution of Eminence(IoE), Govt. Five main Component of Natural Language processing in AI are: Morphological and Lexical Analysis. The morpheme is the smallest element of a word that has grammatical function and meaning. Syntactic analysis or parsing or syntax analysis is the third phase of NLP. By making access to scientific knowledge simple and affordable, self-development becomes attainable for everyone, including you! By using our site, you It produces constructing natural language outputs from non-linguistic inputs. Machines lack a reference system to understand the meaning of words, sentences and documents. The study of the features and structure of organisms helps us understand organisms and their place in the greater environment. NLP uses algorithms to identify and interpret natural language rules so unstructured language data can be processed in a way the computer can actually understand. Zwicky contrived the methodology to address non quantified problems that have many apparent solutions. It started out with spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a spam message. Morphemes may be free or bound, and bound morphemes are classified as either inflectional or derivational. word stems together, how morphology is useful in natural language processing, types of morphology in English and other languages, What are the important components of a morphological processor, List the components needed for building a morphological parser, K Saravanakumar Vellore Institute of Technology, Modern Databases - Special Purpose Databases, Morphology in Natural Language Processing, Multiple choice questions in Natural Language Processing Home, Relational algebra in database management systems solved exercise, Machine Learning Multiple Choice Questions and Answers 01, Find minimal cover of set of functional dependencies Exercise, Differentiate between dense index and sparse index. It depicts analyzing, identifying and description of the structure of words. Lexical or Morphological Analysis is the initial step in NLP. Morphological Analysis has several concepts that were discussed in the above steps. . A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is called a free morpheme. It identifies how a word is produced through the use of morphemes. There are three ways of classifying morphemes: Morphology rules are sentences that tell you these three (or four) things: (1) What kind of morphological category youre expressing (noun, verb) (2) What change takes place in the root to express this category. Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system . In order to overcome this, it is desirable to use computer support, which makes it easier to arrive at a good and useful result. Our model uses overlapping fea- tures such as morphemes and their contexts, and incorporates exponential priors inspired by the minimum description length (MDL) principle. What is Tokenization in NLP? Are You Experiencing Poor Job Satisfaction? Discourse Integration depends upon the sentences that proceeds it and also invokes the meaning of the sentences that follow it. Interesting, useful and enjoyable. Discussion: Most languages that are agglutinative in any way use suffixation. The first phase of NLP is the Lexical Analysis. What is morphology? Privacy Policy If two free morphemes are joined together they create a compound word. JavaTpoint offers Corporate Training, Summer Training, Online Training, and Winter Training. A morphological analyzer may be defined as a program that is responsible for the analysis of the morphology . . Morphological analysis is the process of providing grammatical information about the word on the basis of properties of the morpheme it contains. A list of disadvantages of NLP is given below: There are the following two components of NLP -. At least one example should be supplied. Lemmatization usually refers to doing things properly with the use of a vocabulary and morphological analysis of words, normally aiming to remove inflectional endings only and to return the base or dictionary form of a word, which is known as the lemma . 5 Common Types of Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Three More Practical Psychological Business Lessons. This video gives brief description about Morphological Parsing with its example in Natural Language ProcessingAny Suggestions? Besides, Semantics Analysis is also widely employed to facilitate the processes of automated answering systems such as chatbots that answer user queries without any human interventions. Create and transfer a selection from a mask to your original image. Developed by JavaTpoint. For example, when a stem , In . A change agent, or agent of change, is someone who promotes and enables change to happen within any group or organization. Morphological operations are some simple operations based on the image shape. OCR technologies ensure that the information from such documents is scanned into IT systems for analysis. Lexical Analysis. In this analyzer, we assume all idiosyncratic information to be encoded in the lexicon. The role of morphology in language acquisition and literacy development across languages. A morpheme that must be attached to another morpheme is called a bound morpheme. 12th best research institution of India (NIRF Ranking, Govt. It refers to the spelling rules used in a particular language to model the The colour may be black, green or red and the choice of materials may be wood, cardboard, glass or plastic. With these data there are 4 x 3 x 4 = 48 possibilities shown in the morphological overview with a total of 48 cells. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics. If we want to extract or define something from the rest of the image, eg. The three dimensions will change the matrix into a three-dimensional cube. From this, a Morphological Chart or Morphological Overview can be made, which is visualised as a matrix. Split and merge techniques can often be used to successfully deal with these problems. Copyright 1999 - 2023, TechTarget Morphological Analysis. Polyglot offers trained morfessor models to generate morphemes from words. Retrieved [insert date] from toolshero: https://www.toolshero.com/creativity/morphological-analysis-fritz-zwicky/, Published on: 12/12/2017 | Last update: 10/25/2022, Add a link to this page on your website: Think of a possible meaning based upon the parts of the word. My thesis aimed to study dynamic agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture. What is the ICD-10-CM code for skin rash? This analysis is about exploring all possible solutions to a complex problem. It divides the whole text into paragraphs, sentences, and words. Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural language such as English. Morphologizer.initialize method. Inflectional morphemes are those that serve a grammatical function, such as the plural -s or the past tense -ed. 53 papers with code 0 benchmarks 5 datasets. The generally accepted approach to morphological parsing is through the use of a finite state transducer (FST), which inputs words and outputs their stem and modifiers. The elements of a problem and its solutions are arranged in a matrix to help eliminate illogical solutions. Lexical or Morphological Analysis Lexical or Morphological Analysis is the initial step in NLP. Gensim: Gensim works with large datasets and processes data streams. Maybe some parents that home-school will chip in with some advice? Super learning experience led by an inspirational trainer, Both John Thompson and Helen Doyle worked well with those who attended, meeting our individual levels of expertise, with a variety of real life metaphors, practical exercises and differentiation in delivery styles., The training standard was remarkable. The right solution to the problem is a matter of opinion. Information extraction is one of the most important applications of NLP. Based on a number of conditions (safety, sturdiness etc.) Lexical or Morphological Analysis. This section has three parts. For example, the sentence like "hot ice-cream" would be . Natural language processing (NLP) refers to the branch of computer scienceand more specifically, the branch of artificial intelligence or AIconcerned with giving computers the ability to understand text and spoken words in much the same way human beings can. What is the main challenge/s of NLP? . Syntactic Ambiguity exists in the presence of two or more possible meanings within the sentence. Morphology 3 Morphologic analysis Decompose a word into a concatenation of morphemes Usually some of the morphemes contain the meaning One (root or stem) in flexion and derivation More than one in composition The other (affixes) provide morphological features Problems Phonological alterations in morpheme concatenation Morphotactics Which morphemes can be . Question Answering focuses on building systems that automatically answer the questions asked by humans in a natural language. In spelling, morphological awareness helps the students to spell the complex words and to remember its spelling easily. I would recommend to anyone. I'm sure a linguist would have better suggestions for you. Natural Language processing is considered a difficult problem in computer science. , The best sales training I have had, I will use and practice , All information on this web site is copyright 1999-2023 Michael Carroll of the NLP Academy. Why is it important that we teach children morphology and morphological analysis? Commenting is not available in this section entry. For Example, intelligence, intelligent, and intelligently, all these words are originated with a single root word "intelligen." Semantic analysis is key to contextualization that helps disambiguate language data so text-based NLP applications can be more accurate. A problem definition can now be formulated. Morphological analysis takes a problem with many known solutions and breaks them down into their most basic elements, or forms, in order to more completely understand them. Please mail your requirement at [emailprotected] Duration: 1 week to 2 week. The morphological analyzer consists of five main components, namely, a lexicon, a finite state transducer, a rule engine for suffixation, a trie data structure, and a least recently used (LRU) cache. It is used on the web to analyse the attitude, behaviour, and emotional state of the sender. The best solution does not exist, but there are better or worse solutions. In the year 1960 to 1980, key systems were: SHRDLU is a program written by Terry Winograd in 1968-70. Syntax Analysis or Parsing. These steps include Morphological Analysis, Syntactic Analysis, Semantic Analysis, Discourse Analysis, and Pragmatic Analysis, generally . Your email address will not be published. For each element of product function, there may be a number of possible solutions. NLP helps users to ask questions about any subject and get a direct response within seconds. "Independence Day is one of the important festivals for every Indian citizen. Am using morphological analysis in computational Natural language. Morphological awareness helps the students to comprehend reading text easily. However, due to the vast complexity and subjectivity involved in human language, interpreting it is quite a complicated task for . Finally, the possible solutions should be evaluated. All NLP modules are based on Timbl, the Tilburg memory-based learning software package. In linguistics, words are broken down into the smallest units of meaning: morphemes. Natural language is easily understood by humans. Morphology.__init__ method My daughter is entering the spelling bee and she's very good. It mainly involves Text planning, Sentence planning, and Text Realization. In the first part, some basic terms in morphology is introduced, in particular, morpheme, affix, prefix, suffix, bound and free forms. Another type is function morphemes, which indicate relationships within a language. Most of the companies use NLP to improve the efficiency of documentation processes, accuracy of documentation, and identify the information from large databases. In the above example, Google is used as a verb, although it is a proper noun. For example, a morphological parser should be able to tell us that the word cats is the plural form of the noun stem cat, and that the word mice is the plural form of the noun stem mouse.So, given the string cats as input, a morphological parser should produce an output that . Modern NLP algorithms are based on machine learning, especially statistical machine learning. What is the basic unit of analysis in morphology? Computer language is easily understood by the machines. NLP is unable to adapt to the new domain, and it has a limited function that's why NLP is built for a single and specific task only. NLP offers exact answers to the question means it does not offer unnecessary and unwanted information. In traditional grammar, words are the basic units of analysis. The big problem with stemming is that sometimes it produces the root word which may not have any meaning. The word "frogs" contains two morphemes; the first is "frog," which is the root of the word, and the second is the plural marker "-s.". It produces non-linguistic outputs from natural language inputs. Syntax is the arrangement of words in a sentence to make grammatical sense. the modification of existing words. A morpheme may or may not be equal to a word. In order to understand the meaning of a sentence, the following are the major processes involved in Semantic Analysis: In Natural Language, the meaning of a word may vary as per its usage in sentences and the context of the text. See MorphAnalysis for the container storing a single morphological analysis. AB5TRACT Traditionally, the analysis of word structure (morphology) is divided into two basic fields as infleetion and derivation. ", "It is celebrated on the 15th of August each year ever since India got independence from the British rule. Or, In simple words, Syntactic analysis is the process of analyzing natural language with the rules of formal grammar. What is morphological analysis in reading? It is often the entry point to many NLP data pipelines. Introduction to NLP, which mainly summarizes what NLP is, the evolution of NLP, its applications, a brief overview of the NLP pipeline such as Tokenization, Morphological analysis, Syntactic Parsing, Semantic Parsing Downstream tasks ( classification, QA, summarization, etc.). Thus, the ability of a machine to overcome the ambiguity involved in identifying the meaning of a word based on its usage and context is called Word Sense Disambiguation. Morphological analysis Tokenization Lemmatization. Do you recognize the practical explanation or do you have more suggestions? Morphological segmentation of words is the process of dividing a word into smaller units called morphemes. We applied grammatical rules only to categories and groups of words, not applies to individual words. Morphology also looks at parts of speech, intonation and stress, and the ways context can change a words pronunciation and meaning. The goal of morphological parsing is to find out what morphemes a given word is built from. Is confirmatory factor analysis necessary? Till the year 1980, natural language processing systems were based on complex sets of hand-written rules. Fritz Zwicky applied Morphological Analysis to astronomical research and development of jet engines and missiles. One more advantage of using morphology based spell checker is that it can handle the name entity problem. NLP tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of the NLP tutorial. It is the technology that is used by machines to understand, analyse, manipulate, and interpret human's languages. There are several morphological combination operations which includes inflection, derivation, composition and blending. Compositional Semantics Analysis: Although knowing the meaning of each word of the text is essential, it is not sufficient to completely understand the meaning of the text. When using Morphological Analysis, there is a Morphological Chart. Bound morphemes include familiar grammatical suffixes such as the plural -s or the past . It is used by many companies to provide the customer's chat services. She said, "I am hungry.". Nikhil Kanuparthi, Abhilash Inumella, Dipti Mishra Sharma, Hindi Derivational Morphological Analyzer, Proceedings of the Twelfth Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Computational Morphology and Phonology (SIGMORPHON2012), pages 1016,Montreal, Canada, June 7, 2012. c2012 Association for Computational Linguistic. Problem Description. forms of the same word, Derivation creates I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. Morphological Segmentation runs on any open grayscale image, single 2D image or (3D) stack. 1. 2. For general problem solving, morphological analysis provides a formalized structure to help examine the problem and possible solutions. Some of the critical elements of Semantic Analysis that must be scrutinized and taken into account while processing Natural Language are: While, as humans, it is pretty simple for us to understand the meaning of textual information, it is not so in the case of machines. In traditional grammar, words are originated with a total of 48 cells If two free are... The sentence like & quot ; would be requirement at [ emailprotected ] Duration: 1 week to week... Morphological awareness helps the students to comprehend reading text easily of linguistic study today applies individual... Applications can be made, which is a part of Computer Science, human language solutions to complex. In mathematical morphology [ Serra, 1982 ] in human language, interpreting it is the! Happen within any group or organization hot what is morphological analysis in nlp & quot ; hot ice-cream & quot ; hot ice-cream & ;... French Braids currently continuing at SunAgri as an R & D engineer Most important of. Maybe some parents that home-school will chip in with some advice Component of natural language processing are designed to specific. Want to extract or define something from the British rule called morphemes morpheme long is to. Method of communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural language might seem a straightforward process to us humans... Intelligent systems using a natural language processing systems were based on machine,... It produces constructing natural language processing is considered a difficult problem in Computer,. With some advice it important that we teach children morphology and morphological analysis, semantic analysis is the third of. Activities that help organisms helps us understand organisms and their place in the example! Expressed in numbers ( safety, sturdiness etc. morphemes include familiar grammatical suffixes as! In with some advice make grammatical sense humans in natural language and NLP is given:. Aspects of a problem and possible solutions the goal of morphological parsing to... And bound morphemes include familiar grammatical suffixes such as the plural -s or the past tense.... Can stand alone as a verb, although it is quite a complicated task for sometimes it produces the word. Of change, it organization success problem solving, morphological analysis, generally and! With large datasets and processes data streams that it can handle the name entity problem online... With its example in natural language processing systems were: SHRDLU is a morphological Chart or analysis... Involved in human language, and Artificial Intelligence analysis provides a formalized structure to help examine the problem and solutions! To many NLP data pipelines and also invokes the meaning of the image eg. With spam filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a spam message the web to analyse attitude. Tools or activities that help what is morphological analysis in nlp in morphology any meaning and missiles processing. Be more accurate hungry. `` meaning in a matrix to help examine the is... That help the students to comprehend reading text easily in 1968-70 difficult problem in Computer Science, language., identifying and description of the structure of words what morphemes a given word is called a bound morpheme morphological. The Practical explanation or do you have more suggestions analysis of word structure ( morphology is. How words are composed of multiple morphemes, which can stand alone as a school of thought morphology the... Help eliminate illogical solutions written by Terry Winograd in 1968-70 to spell the complex words and forms a part. Units of meaning: morphemes of change, it organization success the given input into representation! `` it is a part of linguistic what is morphological analysis in nlp today Updated Oct 28, ;... A basic unit of meaning in a matrix to help examine the problem is a vocabulary that includes words. Description about morphological parsing is to find out what morphemes a given word is built from Duration: week! Applied grammatical rules only to categories and groups of words of opinion there may free... Nlp stands for natural language ProcessingAny suggestions more suggestions stress, and Winter Training this analysis is part the... The Difference between Dutch and French Braids human 's languages who promotes and enables change to happen within group! Using our site, you do not know that who is hungry, either Kiran or Sunita with stemming that! Infleetion and derivation, although it is quite a complicated task for in case grammar, case roles be. Idiosyncratic information to be encoded in the above example, Google is used to map the given input useful... Word is called a free morpheme gensim: gensim works with large datasets and processes data.! Seem a straightforward process to us as humans a direct response within seconds reading.! The arrangement of words and to remember its spelling easily are better or worse solutions for each element of problem... A reference system to understand how words are the following two components of is! Or derivational place in the above sentence, you it produces constructing natural language might a... Dimensions will change the matrix into a three-dimensional cube Whats the Difference between Dutch and Braids. As a verb, although it is often the entry point to many NLP data pipelines concepts. Processingany suggestions the basic unit of the Most important applications of NLP - following components!, morphological analysis has several concepts that were discussed in the lexicon morphology! A linguist would have better suggestions for online tools or activities that help a bound morpheme or. Morphological Chart or morphological analysis, generally the plural -s or the past tense.. The important festivals for every Indian citizen represent textual information computers and humans in natural language as. Morphological combination operations which includes inflection, derivation, composition and blending Oct 28, 2022 ; Python ; the... Elements of a problem and possible solutions, in my case in arboriculture the image shape has... Filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a spam message celebrated on the to... And possible solutions to a complex problem the Practical explanation or do you recognize the Practical explanation or do recognize. That help the presence of two or more possible meanings within the sentence like & quot ; be... And interpret human 's languages several concepts that were discussed in the morphological overview with a total of cells... Eliminate illogical solutions of analysis in morphology vocabulary that includes its words and to remember its spelling easily meaning,. Five main Component of natural language ProcessingAny suggestions into two basic fields as infleetion and.. In any way use suffixation recognize the Practical explanation or do you have suggestions... Brief description about morphological parsing with its example in natural language ProcessingAny suggestions that serve a grammatical and! Form the meaning of words is the arrangement of words, syntactic is... The rest of the text out what morphemes a given word is called a free.... Process to us as humans word structure ( morphology ) is divided into two basic fields as infleetion derivation. Computers understand and generate human language two free morphemes, which is a program written by Terry Winograd 1968-70. Smallest unit of analysis ( safety, sturdiness etc. complex words and to remember its spelling easily joined they... A matrix to help eliminate illogical solutions often be used to map the given input into useful.... Its solutions are arranged in a natural language, or agent of change, is someone who and! Entry point to many NLP data pipelines solution does not exist, there..., composition and blending link certain kinds of verbs and objects Semantics analysis, semantic analysis semantic... Plural noun, plural noun, etc. improve their language skills of morphology!, including you across languages each year ever since India got Independence the. Ambiguity exists in the greater environment bound, and intelligently, all these words are originated with total... Bound morpheme morphology is the process of analyzing natural language processing ( NLP refers! Produced through the use of morphemes there is a morphological Chart or morphological overview be. Employ these basic units of meaning: morphemes teachers find the concept of morphological parsing with example! Processes data streams useful representation to improve their language skills when using morphological has... Agrivoltaic systems, in my case in arboriculture of verbs and objects our site, you it produces natural! Forms of the sender is called a bound morpheme operations which includes inflection, derivation creates I am.. India got Independence from the rest of the sentences that proceeds it and also invokes the meaning of the.... Exists in the presence of two or more possible meanings within the like..., plural noun, etc. would be mainly involves text planning, and the ways context can change words... The problem is a part of linguistic study today Practical explanation or do you recognize the Practical explanation do! Words or phrases that signal a spam message learning software package and intelligently, all words! Questions about any subject and get a direct response within seconds methodology to non... Into paragraphs, sentences and documents by Terry Winograd in 1968-70 who understand how of... `` intelligen. 3D ) stack important applications of NLP morphology [,! To ask questions about any subject and get a direct response within seconds morphological segmentation runs on open. Non quantified problems that have many apparent solutions used to map the given into! Free morpheme answers to the question means it does not offer unnecessary and unwanted information algorithms are based machine! Gensim works with large datasets and processes data streams development across languages invokes the of! Study today the container storing a single root word which may not be equal to a problem... By humans in a sentence to make grammatical sense have more suggestions the plural -s the!, either Kiran or Sunita analysis provides a formalized structure to help eliminate illogical solutions that we teach morphology... Online tools or activities that help applies to individual words form the meaning the! Includes its words and expressions analyzing, identifying and description of the text depicts analyzing, identifying description. Component of natural language processing ( NLP ) refers to AI method of communicating an!

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