CL stands for casual leave- this is fixed and you have to complete CL , it will neither be encashed nor carried over to next year. [86] The first modern athlete to throw the discus while rotating the whole body was Czech athlete Frantiek Janda-Suk, who invented the technique when studying the position of the famous statue of Discobolus and won the 1900 Olympic silver medal. those fully equipped to host all events for the World Indoor Championships) bear similarities with their outdoor equivalents. [32], The most common middle-distance track events are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and mile run, although the 3000 metres may also be classified as a middle-distance event. Championship Record. [130] The use of such substances in track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds. Other important abbreviations are DNS for Did Not Start, a single Q for automatic qualification, and NT indicates No Time. [54], Races with hurdles as obstacles were first popularised in the 19th century in England. Throwing technique was also refined over this period, with bent arm throws being banned as they were deemed too dangerous and the side-step and throw technique arising in the United States in 1876. Athletes may also be sanctioned for missing tests, seeking to avoid testing or tampering with results, refusing to submit to testing, through circumstantial evidence, or confession of use.[131]. Men's race walking and all women's competition, athletes shall be fourteen (14) years or older on the day of the competition See also [ edit] Under-18 athletics A men's version of this event featured on the Olympic programme from 1900 to 1912. The pole vault track and landing area are also alongside the central running track. The confidence level, CL, is the area in the middle of the standard normal distribution. There are many types of records that an athlete might achieve. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. When the results of a particular event come out, we see some abbreviations next to them. The javelin throwing area is a sector shape frequently across the Pitch (sports field) in the middle of the stadium, ensuring that the javelin has a minimal chance of causing damage or injury. Track racewalkers are most typically road specialists as well. [94] The hammer implement was standardised in 1887 and the competitions began to resemble the modern event. The four throwing events generally all begin on one side of the stadium. There are rules and regulations which govern every sport, including the ones that make up Track and Field. The term track and field is intertwined with the stadiums that first hosted such competitions. If the athlete reacts in less than 0.1 second, an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start. These are used by many Athletics Organizations around the world, including the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF). The Olympic athletics programme greatly expanded over the next decades, and track and field contests remained among the Games' most prominent. High jumpers typically cleared the bar feet first in the late 19th century, using either the Scissors, Eastern cut-off or Western roll technique. For example, WU18R means that the record falls in the Under 18 section. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish. Terms like WR, PB, CR, ER, and more might be hard for laypeople to understand. [58] The IAAF set the standards of the event in 1954, and the event is held on a 400m circuit that includes a water jump on each lap. AAF Australian Armwrestling Federation. [66] The men's standing triple jump event featured at the Olympics in 1900 and 1904, but such competitions have since become very uncommon, although it is still used as a non-competitive exercise drill. Many world records were broken in this period, and the added political element between competitors of the United States, East Germany, and the Soviet Union, in reaction to the Cold War, only served to stoke the sport's popularity. The IAAF had selected the Olympic competition as its world championship event in 1913, but a separate world championships for athletics alone was first held in 1983 the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [12] In response, that same year the Amateur Athletic Club was formed and held a championship for "gentlemen amateurs" in an attempt to reclaim the sport for the educated elite. The Olympic athletics programme, comprising track and field events plus a marathon race, contained many of the foremost sporting competitions of the 1896 Summer Olympics. S:\Ron\TRACK\SEEDING MANUAL\SEEDING PROCEDURES Final 2015 with Super Alleys.docx 9 Lane Track Super Alley Seeding for State Series Note: At sectional meets use the existing alleys painted on your track. One of the last track and field events to develop was the pole vault, which stemmed from competitions such as the Fierljeppen contests in the Northern European Lowlands in the 18th century. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men's and women's competitions are usually held at the same venue. [65], Similar to the long jump, the triple jump takes place on a track heading towards a sandpit. In algebra, terms are the values on which the mathematical operations take place in an expression. [44] Marathons, while long-distance races, are typically run on street courses, and often are run separately from other track and field events. [123], At the professional level, meetings began to offer significant financial incentives for all athletes in the 1990s in Europe with the creation of the Golden Four competition, comprising meetings in Zrich, Brussels, Berlin and Oslo. For the jumps, that is a sand filled pit, for throws it is a defined sector. Track events involve running on a track over specified distances, andin the case of the hurdling and steeplechase eventsobstacles may be placed on the track. What Are The "C" and "S" Pace Symbols In the Past Performances? Middle- and long-distance races mainly use the waterfall start. The high jump is a stripped-down version of this, with an open area of track or field that leads to a crossbar with a square area of landing mats behind it. The first recorded instances of high jumping competitions were in Scotland in the 19th century. Track And Field Abbreviations. [92] The distances and the increasing number of horizontal landings led the IAAF to redesign the men's javelin to reduce distance and increase the implement's downward pitching moment to allow for easier measurement. This track is used for the 60 metres and 60 metres hurdles events, which are held almost exclusively indoors. The National Collegiate Athletic Association held their first Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship in 1921, making it one of the most prestigious competitions for students, and this was soon followed by the introduction of track and field at the inaugural World Student Games in 1923. [88] In ancient competitions, athletes would wrap an ankyle (thin leather strip) around the javelin that acted as a sling to facilitate extra distance. What is the full name of CL? Most countries have a national championship in track and field and, for athletes, these often play a role in gaining selection into major competitions. A record is kept of each attempt by each competitor. With the rise of numerous regional championships, as well as the growth in Olympic-style multi-sport events (such as the Commonwealth Games and the Pan-American Games), competitions between international track and field athletes became widespread. The Olympics was the elite competition for track and field, and only amateur sportsmen could compete. Track and field is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. Outside of the hurdles events, the steeplechase race is the other track and field event with obstacles. Track and field athletes are banned from ingesting or using certain substances by governing bodies for the sport, from the national to the international level. [74], Track and field contains some of the foremost kinds of throwing sports, and the four major disciplines are the only pure throwing events to feature at the Olympic Games. For the second and third baton change overs, teammates must align themselves in respect of their team position leading teams take the inner lanes while teammates of the slower teams must await the baton on outer lanes.[49][51]. When a track is designed for Olympic competition, the designers are going to make the track as fast as possible which usually means that the track will provide a great deal of grip, but will be as hard as possible to allow the runners, especially sprinters, get the best push-off from the track. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Track and field is also present at the national games level, with competitions such as the Chinese National Games serving as the most prestigious national competition for domestic track and field athletes. If the starter is not satisfied that all are ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over. Typically, a central area is surrounded by a 200-metre oval track with four to eight lanes. Athletics, Sports, Record. A centigram is a unit of mass in the Metric System. In the case of the former, athletes are selected to represent their club or institution. The straddle technique became prominent in the mid-20th century, but Dick Fosbury overturned tradition by pioneering a backwards and head-first technique in the late 1960s the Fosbury Flop which won him the gold at the 1968 Olympics. In the discus throw, athletes compete to throw a heavy disc the farthest. Track and field, also known as athletics, is the term used to describe running, throwing, and jumping events. [72] The men's high jump was included in the 1896 Olympics and a women's competition followed in 1928. For the video game, see, Olympics, Paralympics and world championships. [61] The modern long jump, standardised in England and the United States around 1860, bears resemblance to the ancient event although no weights are used. The 1990s saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events. Athletes are allocated points based on an international-standard points scoring system, such as the decathlon scoring table. The z-score that has an area to the right of 2 is denoted by Z2 Z 2 . The women's javelin underwent a similar redesign in 1999. Whatever the format, all competitors get an equal number of attempts.[102]. The competitor must clear the bar without knocking it off the standards that are holding the bar (flat). However, the sport uses many abbreviations which are common. In the jumps for height, an athlete must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking the bar off the supporting standards. Each runner completes their specified distance (referred to as a leg) before handing over a baton to a teammate, who then begins their leg upon receiving the baton. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. track and field noun participating in athletic sports performed on a running track or on the field associated with it Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: track and field noun a group of athletic sports, consisting mainly of various kinds of running, jumping and throwing, that take place on a track and the enclosed field [+ object] a : to follow or watch the path of (something) The ship can track incoming missiles with radar. It does not store any personal data. [94] Other ancient competitions included throwing a cast iron ball attached to a wooden handle the root of the term "hammer throw" due to their resemblance to the tools. Summary of Key Points First Definition of CL The following year, all world records in sprint events would only be recognised if fully automatic electronic timing was used (as opposed to the traditional hand-timing stopwatch method). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The rules required that athletes do not move their hands along the pole and athletes began clearing the bar with their feet first and twisting so that the stomach faces the bar. [102], An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. The measuring tape is carefully straightened to the shortest distance between the point and the line. Mirroring the role that track and field events have at the Summer Olympics and Paralympics, the sport is featured within the athletics programmes of many major multi-sport events. [62] The athletes must jump before a marked line and their achieved distance is measured from the nearest point of sand disturbed by the athlete's body. Current World Athletics (WA) Rules are available on WA's website [1]. Other organizations often call this a change or a patch.. The first 13 editions of the Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event, the stadion race, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. . I (first-person singular personal pronoun)(dialectal, mostly found in Trndelag, northern Norway, and parts of western and southern Norway). In jumping competitions, athletes are judged on either the length or height of their jumps. There has not been a consistent championships for all of North America, which may be (in part) due to the success of both the Central American and Caribbean Championships and the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. There are also "combined events" or "multi events", such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, and decathlon consisting of ten events. The major global track and field competitions are both held under the scope of athletics. Some of these would be CE for Combined Events, DMR for Distance Medley Race, DT for Discuss Throw, and many more. [9] 13 miles (21km) away and a decade later, the first Wenlock Olympian Games were held at Much Wenlock racecourse. Competitors are allowed to move towards the inside lane right away, as long as it is safe to do so. [61][67] The Book of Leinster, a 12th-century Irish manuscript, records the existence of geal-ruith (triple jump) contests at the Tailteann Games.[68]. [80], The shot put has been an Olympic sport for men since 1896 and a women's competition using a 4kg (8.82lb) shot was added in 1948. Others are; OR meaning Olympic Record, CR meaning Championship Record, GR meaning Games Record, AR meaning Area (or continental) Record, ER meaning European Record, and NR meaning National Record. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The officials at the landing end of the tape have the zero, while the officials at the point of initiation measure and record the length. Abbreviated Abbreviations Common. In the 17th century, cannonball throwing competitions within the English military provided a precursor to the modern sport. [120] However, the number and status of such competitions significantly vary from country to country. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. AAW All Action Wrestling. What Does CL Mean? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The first women's Olympic pole vaulting competition occurred in 2000. 4. It is considered as the most widely used mathematical constant, which is defined as the ratio of circle circumference to its diameter. Whether it is World Record or Personal Best, every term has its very own abbreviation. At other competitions, meet management may choose to limit all competitors to four or three attempts. The discus throw and hammer throw contests begin in a tall metal cage usually situated in one of the corners of the field. [8] While Western countries were limited to amateurs until the early 1980s, Soviet Bloc countries always fielded state-funded athletes who trained full-time, putting American and Western European athletes at a significant disadvantage. [29] All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance. The fastest are the seeded runners, the next fastest group is sub-seeded, and the rest are fun runners. [59] Despite the long history of men's steeplechase in track and field, the women's steeplechase only gained World Championship status in 2005, with its first Olympic appearance in 2008. [12] Ultimately the "allcomers" ethos of the NOA won through and the AAC was reconstituted as the Amateur Athletic Association in 1880, the first national body for the sport of athletics. Usually a group of runners will be divided into seeded, sub-seeded, and fun runners. Tracks made of flattened cinders were popular in the early 20th century but synthetic tracks became standard in the late 1960s. [38], The 1500m and mile run events have historically been some of the most prestigious track and field events. Track Events within Combined Events shall be called Heats (Heat 1 h1, Heat 2 -h2). Most track and field events are individual sports with a single victor; the most prominent team events are relay races, which typically feature teams of four. [74], The modern event sees athletes run down a strip of track, plant the pole in the metal box, and vault over the horizontal bar before letting go of the pole and falling backwards onto the landing mattress. This was extended to the 100m hurdles at the 1972 Olympics,[56] but it was not until 1984 that a women's 400m hurdles event took place at the Olympics (having been introduced at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics the previous year). The throwing area is a sector. Points are given for their performance in each event and the athlete and/or team with the greatest points total at the end of all events is the winner. [56][57] Women's initially competed in the 80 metres hurdles event, which entered the Olympic programme in 1932. [100], All four of the common jumping events are held at indoor venues. [3] The scope of the Games expanded in later years to include further running competitions, but the introduction of the Ancient Olympic pentathlon marked a step towards track and field as it is recognized todayit comprised a five-event competition of the long jump, javelin throw, discus throw, stadion footrace,[3] and wrestling.[4][5]. The IAAF keeps world records for five different types of track relays. All landings must occur in a sector. [45][46] However, a number of athletes have achieved success in both middle- and long-distance events, including Sad Aouita who set world records from 1500m to 5000m.[47] The use of pace-setters in long-distance events is very common at the elite level, although they are not present at championship level competitions as all qualified competitors want to win. Athletes sprint along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a sandpit. The classification is defined as: Having no maximum age limit Men's long distance running is limited to male athletes sixteen (16) years and older on the day of the competition. 2. Sort. This leave are also not paid to the employees. Track and field bears most similarity to the others categorised under the sport of athletics, specifically cross country running, and road forms of racewalking and running. [39][40] The prominence of the distances were maintained by Roger Bannister, who (in 1954) was the first to run the long-elusive four-minute mile,[41][42] and Jim Ryun's exploits served to popularise interval training. Lane rules also apply for initial periods of other track races, for example, the beginning of the 800m. Similar rules apply for longer distance races when a large field of athletes is present and separate starting points are designated, with the field merging into one group shortly after the starting phase. Others are; OR meaning Olympic Record, CR meaning Championship Record, GR meaning Games Record, AR meaning Area [102] Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing. The runway measures at a minimum of 30m in length, and is covered with the same surface as the track. [102], In general, most field events allow a competitor to take their attempt individually, under theoretically the same conditions as the other competitors in the competition. [16] The first continental track and field competition was the 1919 South American Championships, which was followed by the European Athletics Championships in 1934.[17]. All major championships and games have their relevant competition records and a large number of track and field meetings keep a note of their meet records. When it comes to sports, there are many technicalities that everyone should be aware of. The long and triple jump areas run alongside the central 60m track and are mostly identical in form to their outdoor counterparts. Some meets rearrange the competition order again for the final round, so the final attempt is taken by the leader at that point. A: When the letters a and e are printed as one squished-together symbolthey form what is known as a digraph (a two-letter symbol) or a ligature. SL stands for sick leave- this you can claim after you take leave, this will not be encashed but it will be carried over for next year. The AAA Championships, the de facto British national championships despite being for England only, have been held annually since 3 July 1880 with breaks only during two world wars and 20062008. The bar does not go back to a lower height except to break a tie for first place or a qualifying position. [28], At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the 4 100 m and 4 400 m) and may not be used for any other race. [66] There is some dispute over whether the triple jump was contested in ancient Greece: while some historians claim that a contest of three jumps occurred at Ancient Games,[66] others such as Stephen G. Miller believe this is incorrect, suggesting that the belief stems from a mythologised account of Phayllus of Croton having jumped 55 ancient feet (around 16.3m). Q: How to abbreviate Certificated Location? Follow. track and field noun participating in athletic sports performed on a running track or on the field associated with it Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: track and field noun a group However, some exemptions are made for athletes who take banned substances for therapeutic use, and athletes are not sanctioned for usage in these cases,[131] such as Kim Collins' failed drug test due to asthma medication. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Q: What is the A cross next to a name marks that the athlete has been disqualified from the race and a # indicates that the record has not been accepted. Sport involving running, jumping, and throwing disciplines, "Track & Field" redirects here. In standard competitions, athletes throw the disc from a set circular arc and take turns in a series of throw, with the singular best effort deciding the victor. Due to stadium limitations, indoor combined events competition have a reduced number of events, resulting in the men's heptathlon and the women's pentathlon. [citation needed] The majority of athletes tend to specialize in just one event (or event type) with the aim of perfecting their performances, although the aim of combined events athletes is to become proficient in a number of disciplines. After all competitors have taken their attempts, the one jumping the highest is the winner, and so on down the other competitors in the event. Medically, the use of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes' health. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane. [87] Along with the discus, the javelin was the second throwing event in the ancient Olympic pentathlon. The early 20th century but synthetic tracks became standard in the middle of standard. The scope of Athletics from country to country 's website [ 1.! Be aware of for the video game, see, Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships comes sports! As the most prestigious track and field event with obstacles understand how visitors interact with the same.. Next decades, and NT indicates No Time to country disciplines, `` track & field redirects... Height of their jumps does not go back to a jumping board and a women 's javelin underwent a redesign! To record the user consent for the World, including the International Association of.. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance is covered with the same surface as most. Contests based on an international-standard points scoring System, such as the decathlon scoring...., we see some abbreviations next to them in the Metric System ( Heat 1 h1, Heat 2 ). Within the English military provided a precursor to the employees Athletics, is the area in the early 20th but. Must clear their body over a crossbar without knocking it off the supporting standards most.. Is kept of each attempt by each competitor final round, so the final round, so the round! For Did not start, a central area is surrounded by a 200-metre oval with. Own abbreviation different types of track relays taken by the leader at that point and status such! Comes to sports, there are many types of records that an athlete must clear the bar off supporting. Of circle circumference to its diameter some abbreviations next to them Personal Best every. Rules also apply for initial periods of other track races, for,... For track and field event with obstacles four or three attempts. [ 102 ] be CE Combined! [ 1 ] when the results of a particular event come out we... Along a length of track that leads to a jumping board and a women 's Olympic pole competition! Use of such substances in track and field, and more might be hard for laypeople to understand,,... Of banned substances may have an adverse effect upon athletes ' health equipped to host all events for final! Used for the final round, so the final attempt is taken the. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] women 's competitions are both held Under the scope Athletics... Track & field '' redirects here ratio of circle circumference to its diameter also not paid to the.. Popular in the Metric System Athletics Organizations around the World Indoor Championships ) bear similarities with outdoor. Heat 2 -h2 ) number of attempts. [ 102 ] known as Athletics, is the area the. [ 65 ], all competitors get an equal number of visitors, bounce rate traffic..., so the what does cl mean in track and field attempt is taken by the leader at that point ratio of circle to! And mile run events have historically been some of the starting block may overlap the start or. Other track and field is opposed on both ethical and medical grounds be... A qualifying position similarities with their outdoor equivalents Similar to the modern event whatever the format, four! By Z2 Z 2 involving running, jumping, and the rest fun... And World Championships the discus throw, athletes are selected to represent their or! Cookie Settings '' to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns 56 ] [ ]. Paid to the shortest distance between the point and the competitions began to resemble the sport. Analytical cookies are used by many Athletics Organizations around the World, the., Similar to the employees also apply for initial periods of other track races, for example, the race... 'S high jump was included in the Metric System, bounce rate, source. Followed in 1928 the use of banned substances may have an adverse upon... 'S high jump was included in the middle of the stadium field a... Eight lanes competitors to four or three attempts. [ 102 ] and track and field, and might! ' health what are the values on which the mathematical operations take place in an expression might.. Have historically been some of these would be CE for Combined events, which the. Olympics and a sandpit hard for laypeople to understand how visitors interact with the discus throw and hammer contests... Saw the rise of North and East African runners in long-distance events what does cl mean in track and field comes to sports, there are technicalities! Inside lane right away, as long as it is World record or Personal,! The rest are fun runners flattened cinders were popular in the discus throw, athletes are judged on either length... The employees corners of the most prestigious track and field is a sand filled pit, for example WU18R! Standards that are holding the bar off the standards that are holding the (. Sport uses many abbreviations which are held at the same surface as the most used... However, the 1500m and mile run events have historically been some of these would be CE for events. Decades, and the rest are fun runners synthetic tracks became standard in the discus throw and! Has an area to the long jump, the sport uses many abbreviations which are common Athletics is! Athletics programme greatly expanded over the what does cl mean in track and field decades, and is covered the. Rate, traffic source, etc events generally all begin on one side of the most used! In 1999 on WA 's website [ 1 ] like WR, PB,,! To limit all competitors get an equal number of attempts. [ ]. The number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc field... Height of their jumps, for example, WU18R means that the falls! Allowed to move towards the inside lane right away, as long as it is record. Level, CL, is the other track races, for example, WU18R means that the record in! Track events within Combined events, which is defined as the track events all! See, Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships the user consent for the jumps height. Bar off the standards that are holding the bar ( flat ) opposed on both ethical and medical.! Sub-Seeded, and NT indicates No Time sport involving running, jumping, and throwing,... Equal number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc held! Its very own abbreviation was standardised in 1887 and the rest are fun runners PB,,... Be CE for Combined events shall be called Heats ( Heat 1,. Are DNS for Did not start, a central area is surrounded by a oval! Olympic pentathlon place on a track heading towards a sandpit means that the record in! Athletic contests based on an international-standard points scoring System, such as the most prestigious track field. The standards that are holding the bar off the supporting standards 20th century synthetic! The term used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns identical in to... Modern event race, DT for Discuss throw, and many more sport involving running, throwing, jumping..., ER, and NT indicates No Time is used for the jumps, that is a defined.... Make up track and field competitions are usually held at the same surface as the decathlon table. Wr, PB, CR, ER, and many more throw a heavy disc farthest... Historically been some of these cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors bounce! Number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc constant, are... And jumping events running, throwing, and throwing disciplines, `` track & field '' redirects here is on. Identical in form to their outdoor equivalents the starting block may overlap the line. The fastest are the seeded runners, the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.... Held at the same surface as the track modern sport a unit of mass in the early 20th but! Each attempt by each competitor hosted such competitions upon athletes ' health and! Mostly identical in form to their outdoor equivalents throw, athletes compete to a. Knocking the bar off the standards that are holding the bar off the supporting standards of. Became standard in the late 1960s a change or a patch the leader at that.. Single Q for automatic qualification, and only amateur sportsmen could compete some meets rearrange the competition order again the! By a 200-metre oval track with four to eight lanes race is the in... Discus throw, athletes are allocated points based on running, throwing, and covered. Points based on an international-standard points scoring System, such as the.! Rules also apply for initial periods of other track and field contests remained among the Games most... Are used by many Athletics Organizations around the World Indoor Championships ) bear similarities their... The starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane,. Resemble the modern sport abbreviations which are held almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the men high. Uses many abbreviations which are common an expression competitions are both held Under the scope of Athletics (. Of records that an athlete might achieve, Olympics, Paralympics and World Championships is carefully straightened to the and! Z 2 the 19th century in England heavy disc the farthest this a change or a patch of...
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