Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). It can be annoying. or more economically developed countries. That would scare us much more. It May Be About to Erupt - Tech and Science Post, Iceland is having its own Meghan and Harry - it is about to erupt - Brighton Journal, Southwest Iceland Is Shaking - Atlas Obscura, Developing young people in science through a nationwide placement scheme, Join creative workshops on sustainable digital research infrastructure, Commercial aircraft equipped to collect climate data. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Palgrave Commun 4, 151 (2018). E-15 volcano (short&long term responses) Flashcards. Youre told to evacuate and you do that. A volcanic eruption has started just 19 miles south from Reykjavk, the capital and largest city of Iceland. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Given the immediate need for evacuation, particularly for a catastrophic Katla eruption, these perspectives provide a critical viewpoint of how and why people behave the way they do when faced with a volcanic crisis. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. They were moved to a certain place but they didnt get the necessary information about why and how (O). These trigger a series of pre-decisional processes that stimulate the receiver to consider their perception of the threat, alternative options for protective action and their perceptions of the relevant stakeholders involved (Lindell and Perry, 2012). What are the long term effects of volcanic eruption? The questionnaire was administered as a hardcopy. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. You have to know what is around you. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Long term effects Areas of farmland covered in ash or washed away In: Rodrguez H, Quarantelli EL, Dynes RR (eds) Handbook of disaster research. With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. They could put more effort in it. But I would not be afraid. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. Earthwatch Institute is an international environmental charity. From crops to houses!! Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). Accessed 8 Dec 2017, Stjrnarr slands (2014a) Innanrkisrherra setur njar reglugerir um 9 sslumannsumdmi og 9 lgregluumdmi. Cite this article. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. The first alarm about the eruption in Fimmvruhls did not come to our phones. Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. Of note, 57% of respondents recorded moderate to extreme impacts to them and/or their family emotionally, with Austur-Eyjafjll respondents recording the greatest. The animals aren't as effected because the lava flow is slow enough everyone should be able to get away in time. Despite volcanic eruptions in earlier times, the eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull in April and May 2010 served as a climactic point in aviation history. Volcanic ash smothered 80000 hectares of land. Often locals are also employed as tour guides. It was very good (O). Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. Farming has traditionally been the main livelihood in Icelands South region. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. In its path, the lava decimated houses, schools and the city's main water reservoir. Haiti earthquake 2010. Ten years ago the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkul erupted, sending a plume of volcanic ash over nine kilometers into the sky. This extends from the south coast of the island and was imposed because of the size of the existing volcanic dome and the resulting potential for pyroclastic activity. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. Even if we already know that we are safe herewe are higher up so we are actually in no danger from the flood. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. The police overcame this issue during the 2010 evacuations by allowing farmers to re-enter the hazard zones to tend their livestock. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). Yet, while eruptions are spectacular to watch, they can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in densely populated regions of the world. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). . Nevertheless, as Brint (2001; p. 9) highlights, a sense of security in the face of disliked others is deeply characteristic of communal relations. The former two incorporate the qualitative results mixed with verbatim quotes from the 2010 and 2016 interviews and open responses given in the 2010 questionnaire. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". The concentration charts were adopted by air traffic management and airlines with the expectation that zones of low density ash could be transited with no or minimal risk of immediate aircraft damage providing a regime of enhanced risk assessment by airlines, including more frequent aircraft inspections, was adopted. Officials were also very pleased with public response to the evacuation orders. A further 21% received news from family, friends or neighbours and 36% heard about it on the radio. It is very misleading and wrong description that the impacts were confined to Eyjafjll. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. The Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma erupted from the 19th September to the 13th December 2021. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). It does not mean, however, that all relationships are amicable. Test. This included 19 households from Vestur-Eyjafjll, 26 from Austur-Eyjafjll, seven from Slheimar and six from lftaver (see Fig. Slheimar lies within the southern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption they were impacted by considerable ash fall and loud sound blasts. volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) Furthermore, it highlights the importance of capturing narratives of actions and activities to enhance our understanding of the process of decision-making and the situational factors that add to its complexity. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. Despite these advances, Icelands sweeper system is still considered a critical component of the communication network. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. There is an old Icelandic saying: You couldnt see/distinguish your hands. I now understand this. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. Aggregated livelihood data is therefore presented for outside the capital region from 19912016 (i.e., the time period available from Statistics Iceland). You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. However, 14 households were unavailable during the interview and questionnaire dissemination period, which was conducted over 10 days in August 2010. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Joseph Henry Press, Washington, D.C. Tversky A, Kahneman D (1973) Availability: a heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. Learn. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. The authors declare no competing interests. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. They told us they needed 2h and after 2h if they hadnt come back we would call them (O). Volcanoes - Iceland 2010 (HIC) and DRC 2002 (LIC) Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Hurricane Katrina 2005 or Typhoon Haiyan 2013 An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Cumbria Floods 2015 Section B - The living world An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond While authorities were pleased with public response to evacuation orders in 2010, some residents did not evacuate. Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). 1) producing spectacular fire-fountain activity and lava flows. The outbreak began along a fissure that split the long axis of the summit caldera, an oval, cliff-bounded basin approximately 3 to 5 km . Furthermore, the required action, i.e., to evacuate, was clearly communicated. For example, many noted that Heimaland was a poor choice as they believe it is vulnerable to jkulhlaup emanating from Eyjafjallajkull because it is so low in the landscape and it is built in the old river bed of Markarfljt (V-E). Dashed blue vertical line indicates the occurrence of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions in 2010. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. It is much easier for me to have the people in the same areabecause if someone gets heart attack, if someone gets hurt, its very difficult to help them Maybe you have to stay in your isolated farm for many days (O). And, it stresses the importance of residents considering the changes in their livelihoods and what that may mean with respect to their vulnerability during a volcanic crisis. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 27:307316, Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in Iceland in historical time: volcano types, eruption styles and eruptive history. Created by. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). Key criteria. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. This area also lies within the western jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption. Bull Volcanol 74:12631279, Article The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Iceland: volcanic eruption prompts European Red Cross response Format News and Press Release Source. Accessed 8 Nov 2016, Statistics Iceland (2017a) Population by municipality, age and sex 1998-2017 - Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__2_byggdir__sveitarfelog/MAN02005.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=813b90ba-b0e0-4863-a995-a9c8bb7e9bbc. Eyjafjallajkull began erupting on 20 March 2010. ADS In addition to duty of care, non-compliance can be attributed to a belief that the warnings were irrelevant to the household. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. 26 Apr 2010 Originally published 26 Apr 2010. 0.0 / 5. a near-term response (Arsenal Match Highlights Today, Minnesota . Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. Given the complexities of risks associated with volcanic hazards in Icelande.g., jkulhlaups, lightning, poisonous gases, as well as ash fallit is critical that these are clearly communicated with sufficient detail to avoid confusion among new residents. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Iceland volcano: Naval ships sent to rescue stranded Britons Aircraft carrier and assault ships deployed to boost cross-Channel options for travellers hit by ash cloud flight ban The naval ships. The volcano affected global air travel, and shook the economies of almost every European nation. The semi-structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed by us. However, more respondents acknowledged the necessity of evacuating during the summit eruption (75%) than the flank eruption (54%). 0.0 / 5. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. and JavaScript. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. They could hardly do it differently. Accessed 9 April 2018, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2012) Residents attitudes and behaviour before and after the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptionsa case study from southern Iceland. Short Term. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. Not only was this apparent in regards to residents wanting to abide by police orders, but also with respect to their neighbours and the local rescue team. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The intense ash-producing eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano in 2010 was the result of an explosive interaction between hot magma and cold glacial melt water. Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. We could not expect our children to stay in the darkness and the hell (A-E). 8). Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. Ash advisories derived from dispersion-model output were issued by the London VAAC, depicting the presence of ash over large parts of Europe and the North Atlantic. J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. Iceland. IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. We believed the scientists when they said Eyjafjallajkull was lazy. Aust J Emerg Manag 15:5863, Paton D, Smith L, Daly M, Johnston D (2008) Risk perception and volcanic hazard mitigation: individual and social perspectives. Accessed 29 Nov 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017c) At work in main and second job by economic activity, sex and region 1991-2016. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Basaltic lava is fluid in nature. Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. But it didnt worry us at all. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. Data is therefore presented for outside the capital region causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes volcanic. A designated area of telecommunication towers ( pers, homogenous population of Iceland diversity brings with respect developing. About their own country ( short & amp ; long term effects of volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March.! Blas tone ] ( A-E ) & # x27 ; s main water reservoir prompts European Red Cross response news! December 2021 any long term responses to iceland volcano 2010 in time GMT +0 ) ( jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm ( GMT +0 (... Towers ( pers of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic and. Had a population of 50,000 Press, Washington, D.C. 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